Suicides Essays - Depression, Abnormal Psychology, Bipolar Spectrum

Suicides Essays - Depression, Abnormal Psychology, Bipolar Spectrum Suicides Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology Report # 3 Twenty-six Israeli suicidal patients, twenty-four non-suicidal patients and twenty-four control aptients completed tests on different suicidal tendencies. Suicidal adolescents showed more negative responses that did either the non-suicidal adolescents or the control patients. Furthermore compared to the other two groups, the suicidal adolescents showed less complex self-attributes and a higher tendency to have a low self-esteem. Results were discussed and it was found that suicidal adolescents were unevenly processing information or stimuli which was causing confusion which led to their suicidal tendencies. Orbach, Isreal, Mario Mikulineer, Daniel Stein, and Orit Cohen, Self-representation of Suicidal Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996. Vol. No.3 435-439.Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology Report # 4 Researchers used multiple measures of irrationability and compared the reactions of never-depressed controls (ND) with people who had recovered from major depression. The ND studies revealed that they didn't exceed in errationality and negative mood in specific situations. The people who were recovered from depression did show that when there were other variables their attitude did change faster than those who had never suffered from depression. They concluded that recovered depressed people weren't able to handle being under different situations when they had to control there rational way of life. Brody, Cindy, David A.F. Haaga, Ari Solomon, Lindsey Kirk, and Dara G. Friedman 1998. Priming Irational Beliefs in Recovered-Depressed People. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. No.3 440-449Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology Report # 5 In 1989, the National Institute of mental health (NIMH) completed the most careful study comparing the success rates of psychotherapy versus antidepressant drug therapy in the treatment of cases of major depression. Patients with major depression were assigned a random for 16 weeks to one of four treatments: an antidepressant drug which was imipramine, a placebo pill, interpersonal therapy, of cognitive behavioral therapy. The interpersonal therapy focused on the depressed persons relationships with other people. The findings of the study were surprising. For the less depressed people all four treatments were equally successful. For the Severely depressed people however, the antidepressant drug therapy was highly success ful. 76% improved on the drug nad only 18% on the placebo. After this study NIMH issued a warning it concluded that only 16 weeks of psychotherapy or the drug therapy for depression was sufficient since it resulted in very high relapse rates. Mackel, Donald, William Holder, and Larry Kvols. Psychotherapy or Pharmcotherapy? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol.5. No. 6, 489-495 Mackel, Donald, William Holder, and Larry Kvois, Psychotherapy or Pharmacotherapy? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. No.6 489-495.Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology report #2 3,450 patients who were diagnosed with either depression, anxiety, or stress syndromes completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). 3 to 8 years later the same patients took the DASS again. Each time the second test scores were the asme as the test scores from the first test. The stability of the patients suffering from at least one of the three syndromes did not vary over the interval of the two test. The results support the stability of depression, anxiety and stress, and draw attention to the distinction between the three different syndromes. These results were interpreted to mean that there is existence of vulnerabilities in the three syndromes, over and beyond the general vulnerability to emotional distress. Lovebond, Peter F. Long-Term Stability of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Syndromes, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1998, Vol. 107, No. 3, 520-526

Blue-Ringed Octopus Facts

Blue-Ringed Octopus Facts The blue-ringed octopus is an extremely venomous animal known for the bright, iridescent blue rings it displays when threatened. The small octopuses are common in tropical and subtropical coral reefs and tide pools of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, ranging from southern Japan to Australia. Although the blue-ringed octopus bite contains the powerful neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, the animal is docile and unlikely to bite unless handled. Blue-ringed octopuses belong to the genus Hapalochlaena, which includes four species: H. lunulata, H. fasciata, H. maculosa, and H. nierstrazi. Fast Facts: Blue-Ringed Octopus Common Name: Blue-ringed octopusScientific Name: Hapalochlaena sp.Distinguishing Features: Small octopus with yellowish skin that flashes bright blue rings when threatened.Size: 12 to 20 cm (5 to 8 in)Diet: Small crabs and shrimpAverage Lifespan: 1 to 2 yearsHabitat: Shallow warm coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific OceansConservation Status: Not evaluated; common within its rangeKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: MolluscaClass: CephalopodaOrder: OctopodaFun Fact: The blue-ringed octopus is immune to its own venom. Physical Characteristics When not threatened, the blue-ringed octopus rings may be brown or invisible. Brook Peterson/Stocktrek Images / Getty Images Like other octopuses, the blue-ringed octopus has a sac-like body and eight tentacles. Ordinarily, a blue-ringed octopus is tan-colored and blends in with its surroundings. The iridescent blue rings only appear when the animal is disturbed or threatened. In addition to up to 25 rings, this type of octopus also has a blue line running through its eyes. Adults range in size from 12 to 20 cm (5 to 8 in) and weigh from 10 to 100 grams. Females are slightly larger than males, but the size of any octopus varies greatly depending on nutrition, temperature, and available light. Prey and Feeding The blue-ringed octopus hunts small crabs and shrimp during the day, but it will eat bivalves and small fish if it can catch them. The octopus pounces upon its prey, using its tentacles to pull its catch toward its mouth. Then, its beak pierces the crustaceans exoskeleton and delivers the paralyzing venom. The venom is produced by bacteria in octopus saliva. It contains tetrodotoxin, histamine, taurine, octopamine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. Once the prey is immobilized, the octopus uses its beak to tear off chunks of the animal to eat. The saliva also contains enzymes that partially digest flesh, so that the octopus can suck it out of the shell. The blue-ringed octopus is immune to its own venom. Venom and Bite Treatment Encounters with this reclusive creature are rare, but people have been bitten after handling accidentally stepping on a blue-ringed octopus. A bite leaves a tiny mark and may be painless, so its possible to be unaware of danger until respiratory distress and paralysis occur. Other symptoms include nausea, blindness, and heart failure, but death (if it occurs) usually results from paralysis of the diaphragm. There is no antivenom for a blue-octopus bite, but tetradotoxin is metabolized and excreted within a few hours. First aid treatment consists of applying pressure to the wound to slow the effects of the venom and artificial respiration once the victim stops breathing, which usually occurs within minutes of the bite. If artificial respiration is started immediately and continued until the toxin wears off, most victims recover. Behavior Hal Beral / Getty Images During the day, the octopus crawls through coral and across the shallow sea floor, seeking to ambush prey. It swims by expelling water through its siphon in a type of jet propulsion. While juvenile blue-ringed octopuses can produce ink, they lose this defensive ability as they mature. The aposematic warning display deters most predators, but the octopus piles up rocks to block the entrance to its lair as a safeguard. Blue-ringed octopuses are not aggressive. Reproduction Blue-ringed octopuses reach sexual maturity when they are less than a year old. A mature male will pounce on any other mature octopus of its own species, whether its male or female. The male holds the other octopus mantle and tries to insert a modified arm called a hectocotylus into the female mantle cavity. If the male is successful, he releases spermatophores into the female. If the other octopus is a male or a female that already has sufficient sperm packets, the mounting octopus typically withdraws without a struggle. In her lifetime, the female lays a single clutch of about 50 eggs. Eggs are laid in autumn, shortly after mating, and incubated under the females arms for around six months. Females dont eat while incubating eggs. When the eggs hatch, the juvenile octopuses sink to the sea floor to seek prey, while the female dies. The blue-ringed octopus lives one to two years. Conservation Status None of the species of blue-ringed octopus have been evaluated with respect to conservation status. They are not listed on the IUCN Red List, nor are they protected. Generally, people dont eat these octopuses, but some are captured for the pet trade. Sources Cheng, M.W.; Caldwell, R.L. (2000). Sex identification and mating in the blue-ringed octopus,  Hapalochlaena lunulata.  Anim Behav.  60  (1): 27–33.  Lippmann, John and Bugg, Stan, DAN S.E. Asia-Pacific Diving First Aid Manual, J.L. Publications, Australia, May 2004. ISBN 0-646-23183-9Mthger, L.M.; Bell, G.R.; Kuzirian, A.M.; Allen, J.J. Hanlon, R.T. (2012). How does the blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) flash its blue rings?. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (21): 3752–3757. doi:10.1242/jeb.076869Robson, G. C. (1929). Notes on the Cephalopoda. - VIII. The genera and subgenera of Octopodinae and Bathypolypodinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 10. 3 (18): 607–608. doi:10.1080/00222932908673017Sheumack D.D., Howden M.E., Spence I., Quinn R.J. (1978). Maculotoxin: a neurotoxin from the venom glands of the octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa identified as tetrodotoxin. Science. 199 (4325): 188–9. doi:10.1126/science.619451